Will We Save the Earth in Time?

The Earth's climate has transformed from the earliest starting point of time. Directly over the latest 650,000 years there have been seven patterns of cold turn of events and pull back, with the unexpected finish of the last ice age around 7,000 years back signifying the beginning of the propelled environment time frame †and of human advancement. While various planets in Earth's nearby planetary framework are either singing hot or strongly cold, Earth's surface has commonly tranquil, stable temperatures. Earth esteems these temperatures by virtue of its condition, or, as it were layer of gases that cover and guarantee the planet. The air has changed when the planet got an excessive amount of sunlight due to subtle moves in its hover, as the atmosphere or surface changed, or when the sun's imperativeness moved. Be that as it may, in the earlier century, another force has started to affect Earth's environment: humankind. Most by far of these air changes are attributed to little assortments in Earth's circle that change the proportion of sun-based essentialness our planet gets. The current warming example is of explicit bore considering the way that by far most of it is by and large liable to be the eventual outcome of human activity since the mid-twentieth century and proceeding at a rate that is exceptional over decades to hundreds of years. â€Å"Earth-circling satellites and other innovative advances have empowered researchers to see the comprehensive view, gathering a wide range of kinds of data about our planet and its atmosphere on a worldwide scale. This group of information, gathered over numerous years, uncovers the signs of an evolving climate† (Callery). Crude information gathered throughout the years and we can substantially observe. One is the information wherein the NASA agent, Sellers, shows Leonardo DiCaprio at one hour and eighteen minutes. He's shows DiCaprio a model reproduction of the earth by means of satellites that have taken renders of the Earth throughout the years in various perspectives. Mists, ocean surface temperature, carbon dioxide. These connected to seeing the adjustment in atmosphere of the Earth in general. The glow getting nature of carbon dioxide and various gases was appeared in the mid-nineteenth century. Their ability to impact the trading of infrared essentialness through the earth is the sensible reason of various instruments flown by NASA. There is no uncertainty that extended degrees of ozone draining substances must be the purpose behind the Earth's warming. The exchanging of drawing nearer and dynamic radiation that warms the Earth is every now and again implied as the nursery impact considering the way that a nursery works comparably. The narrative discussions about the downpour woodlands and the manner in which they are being copied and wrecked, making hurt our atmosphere and our planet. Lindsey Allen, at forty-six minutes, discloses what happens to trees when they are copied. The carbon that they assemble from different animals, for example, people is put away inside the tree and when those trees consume, the entirety of the carbon is discharged into the climate, setting off a chain response of ozone harming substances. At forty-six minutes and twenty seconds she states, â€Å"It acts like a carbon bomb and discharges gigantic carbon outflow once more into the atmosphere† (Monroe). The nursery impact, got together with extending levels of ozone hurting substances and the resulting an unnatural climate change, is depended upon to have noteworthy consequences, as showed by the nearby broad understanding of analysts. â€Å"Currently, a few researchers are exploring how to re-engineer the air to invert an unnatural weather change. For instance, hypotheses distributed in the diary Science in July 2017 by lrike Lohmann and BlaÃ¥ ¾ Gasparini, specialists at the Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science at ETH Zurich in Switzerland, proposed diminishing cirrus mists that trap heat.† (Lallalina) During the discussion that DiCaprio had with President Barack Obama he states at one hour and twelve minutes that the Paris arrangement is making the engineering that permits us to at last beginning managing this issue in a genuine manner. In any case, it doesn't make a difference if each nation doesn't really do it and inside the thin time limit that the earth has. Various specialists agree that the mischief to the Earth's air and climate is past the last defining moment or that the damage is near the last defining moment. â€Å"I concur that we have passed the purpose of atmosphere change,† Josef Werne, an accomplice instructing at the division of topography and planetary science at the University of Pittsburgh revealed to Live Science. The effect of gathered surface temperatures is basic in itself. In any case, warming can have further, far reaching impacts on the earth. Warming adjusts ruin designs, enhances beach front disintegration, extends the season in certain regions, softens ice tops and icy masses, and changes the scopes of some infectious sicknesses. Some of these progressions are as of now occurring however. that of Greenland's top layer softening endlessly totally. The guide and delegate that indicated DiCaprio around the outside of Greenland states at eighteen minutes, â€Å"This was a hose that went down thirty feet, and now it's liquefied out† (Monroe). All inside five years a whole thirty-foot layer liquefied away from Greenland all in all. The atmosphere isn't the sole factor a worldwide temperature alteration will affect: rising sea levels will disintegrate drifts and cause a ton of regular waterfront flooding. Some island countries will disappear. The issue is extreme since up to 10% of the total populace lives in helpless zones under ten meters higher than ocean level. â€Å"Between 1870 and 2000, the ocean level expanded by 1.7 millimeters every year by and large, for an all out ocean level ascent of 8.7 inches. What's more, the pace of ocean level ascent is quickening. Since 1993, NASA satellites have indicated that ocean levels are rising all the more rapidly, around 3 millimeters for each year, for an all out ocean level ascent of 1.89 creeps somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2009.† (Levy) As temperatures rise, ice will relax even more quickly. Satellite estimations reveal that the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets are shedding around 125 billion tons of ice for each yearâ€enough to raise sea levels by 0.01 inches each year. If the condensing stimulates, the extension in sea level could be inside and out higher.

Java zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines

Question: Examine about the Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines. Answer: Presentation The achievements accomplished in worldwide economy concerning clean vitality notwithstanding the famous climatic change has started various research exercises in the mechanical world with the perspective on contributing more on the elective wellsprings of vitality. Attributable to the way that cars are by and by a main wellspring of air contamination, major car firms and state governments are cooperating to offer an answer that will prompt the decay of vehicle emanations and a relating decline in the usage of petroleum derivative. Different makers have in the ongoing past left on look into on the changed techniques for decreasing the overreliance on non-renewable energy source and the need to think of wellsprings of elective force. Such achievements in the exploration incorporate the electrically impelled vehicle motors and the inside ignition (IC) motor vehicles. A portion of the regularly utilized energizes in the current occasions for the IC motor vehicle are gaseous petrol, metha nol, diesel, gas, and supercharging and turbo charging gas. One reason for the across the board use of IC motor is that the high-vitality substance can be handily shipped. Notwithstanding, its significant disadvantage is that the burning of powers results to dangerous discharges to the earth. The point of this paper is to build up the methods of controlling such outflows in an IC motor. The primary contaminations produced by the IC motors are carbon monoxide, NOX, noncombustible hydrocarbons, and different discharges in particulate structure. All fuel-combusting frameworks transmit carbon dioxide in colossal volumes that outcome to green house impact. Techniques for Controlling Emissions in IC Engines Diesel Particulate Filters Since 2000, Diesel Particulate Filters have been utilized in assembling of vehicles. Since the improvement of the Euro 5 standard, the innovation has been utilized as a standard gadget on all new diesel vehicles among the European countries (Favre, May Bosteels, 2011). A few transports and trucks that bear the euro 5 standard discharges gauges were introduced the diesel particulate channels to meet the prerequisites of the quantity of outflows of mass and molecule. The figure underneath shows a divider stream DPF. Figure 1wall-stream DPF Impetus Control Technologies The standard by which this technique works in controlling the vaporous outflows from an IC motor depends on synthetic catalysis process. The impetus results to concoction responses without being devoured or changed. The synergist control framework establishes a steel lodging with a size that relies upon the motor size where it is contained. The steel lodging bears an artistic or metallic structure that goes about as an impetus substrate or backing. The figure underneath shows fired substrates. Figure 2 earthenware substrates The motor steel lodging doesn't have any moving parts. It just has its substrate inside surfaces covered with base metals. In some different cases, the inside surface is covered with valuable reactant metallic components like vanadium, palladium, and platinum and this depends on the contaminations focused on. Impetuses convert toxins into non-poisonous gases by creating synthetic responses inside the fumes stream. Such responses shift dependent on the innovation being utilized (Sharaf, 2013). What's more, the innovation received relies upon whether the motor is working under stoichiometric, lean, or rich conditions. At any rate, the impetuses in outflow control are planned for wiping out nitrogen oxide gas, carbon dioxide, and others poison matter to contrasting degrees. The decision of the technique for a discharge control for vaporous emanations depends on the working method of the motor, for example, burden and speed, the motor kind, and the focused on contaminations. Now and again that include rich consume motors, the oxides of nitrogen might be the main outflow that is controlled. In such a case, there might be least decrease in carbon monoxide. Actually, in the situation of lean consume and stoichiometric motors, impressive decreases in all the three significant contaminations can b e achieved. Different emanation control strategies must be utilized in fixed IC motors dependent on the air to fuel proportion of the motor. The explanation is that the piece of the fumes gas changes dependent on the working state of the motor, for example, stoichiometric consume, lean or rich. The working method of the motor, for example, its heap and speed ought to be considered since this influences the temperature of the fumes gas. Non-specific synergist decrease This strategy is equipped for accomplishing extensive decreases of oxides of nitrogen for rich consume motors. For a situation where the motor works as stoichiometric point (=1) the innovation is named three-way impetus (Sharaf, 2013). In such a case, different outflows are decreased separated from the oxides of nitrogen, for example, carbon monoxide. Then again, lean oxides of nitrogen and oxidation impetuses offer a negligible or no emanation control in a rich-consume condition. Regardless, in a lean-consume condition, oxidation impetuses offer a generous decrease in both the oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Particular Catalytic Reduction For over fifteen years, the technique has been utilized in controlling NOx discharges created by the rich-copy motors. At the point when utilized, the IC motors have demonstrated the ability to acknowledge more than 98 % decrease in discharges (Sharaf, 2013). In excess of 3,000 rich-consume IC motors have been fitted with this innovation as a procedure of controlling the nitrogen oxide outflows from lean-consume fixed Internal Combustion motors. The technique was first received in the United States and since that time, it has kept on picking up prevalence. Lean-consume motors are known to produce exhaust wealthy in oxygen and this makes the decrease of nitrogen dioxide normally impracticable when non-specific impetus innovation is utilized. Then again, the presentation of a decreasing specialist like urea or smelling salts and different operators help in the concoction response. The response is as demonstrated as follows. The responses that happen when the lessening operators are utilized prompts the decrease of nitrogen oxide emanations by over 90% (Heck Farrauto, 2001). Such a technique is known as particular reactant decrease since the impetus just targets diminishing the oxides of nitrogen. The graph underneath shows a particular synergist decrease. Figure 3 particular synergist decrease Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) As indicated by Kumar and Rehman (2011), the HCCI innovation can lessen the particulate issue and NOx discharges by the flash start and pressure burning motors that utilization non-renewable energy sources. This is conceivable by the use of two critical procedures. The principal procedure includes the auto start of the NOx and Particulate issue blend because of the pressure heat. The subsequent procedure includes the development of a homogenous blend of NOx and particulate issue found in the diesel powers. As per Jin and Zheng (2015), the homogenous blend is accomplished by port infusion. The main difficulties be that as it may, are the gooey idea of the diesel fuel, high octane number, and an expansive scope of the breaking points. This has an effect of delayed blending time of the diesel fuel to frame a homogenous blend while; the time taken for synthetic start is short. Likewise, there is the test of fuel wetting attributable to the idea of the diesel fuel. Future Prospects As per Alagumalai (2014), one of things to come prospects in outflow control in IC motors is innovation driving. The creator contends that in this methodology, the administrative organization builds up specific necessities to guarantee a breaking point on the measure of emanations permitted over a specific period utilizing uncertain innovation. Much of the time, such advancements have not been completely misused or completely used or utilized broadly on business premise in spite of pilot exhibitions and experimentation. Such endeavors are planned for chopping down the vehicle discharges answerable for nursery impact, for example, carbon dioxide that throughout the previous 40 years have multiplied, with the most elevated worldwide donors being the United States and China (Alagumalai, 2014). The second developing pattern in the decrease of emanations by the vehicle business is the utilization of bio-fills to supplant the petroleum derivatives, for example, petroleum and diesel. As per (Alagumalai, 2014), the examination led by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology on the bio-powers have exhibited potential expense and ecological advantages of such a fuel in the IC motors. The creator makes reference to that the exploration uncovered the capacity of the bio-fills to limit the nursery discharges by the IC motors by half rather than petroleum products. Payri et al. (2014) certifies that bio-energizes can essentially diminish the effect of GHG on the IC motors attributable to its cost-adequacy like that of electrical motors however with much decreased augmentation in the lifetime cost. The writer likewise makes reference to that nations like Brazil have just actualized the laws that expansion the bio-fuel share. The third developing pattern in the decrease of emanation of ozone depleting substances, for example, carbon dioxide by the car motors is the reception of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV) and Electrical Vehicles (EV). As indicated by Payri et al. (2014), the two advancements can accomplish this point utilizing power creation blend. In the current occasions, European nations, Japan, and the United States are the main in the selection of the EV and HEV advancements. The report discharged by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association shows that somewhere in the range of 2020 and 2025, the piece of the pie for the EV and HEV motors will ascend between 3 to 10%. End There have been extraordinary accomplishments the in worldwide economy corresponding to clean vitality regardless of the unavoidable climatic change. These have essentially come about to various resea

Research Methods and Statistics in Criminal Justice an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Research Methods and Statistics in Criminal Justice The Criminal Justice System in the United States is accused of the duty of executing equity in the general public to guarantee deliberateness. The framework is engaged with broad research programs that empower them to comprehend the general public better and offer answers for the guilty parties. The Criminal Justice System gathers enormous volumes of information to empower them know the makes that lead individuals being associated with crimes. They take part in such research to empower them find a way to keep individuals from falling into wrongdoing. Need article test on Research Methods and Statistics in Criminal Justice point? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue Individuals Very Often Tell EssayLab support: Why is composing kinship paper so troublesome? It would be ideal if you help me. Our expert authors propose: Ready To Place Your Order? Instructions to Write An Essay In Mla FormatHow To Write An Essay FastCheap EssaysPay For PapersPaper Writing HelpWrite Essay For MoneyCoursework Writing ServiceBuy Essay Information are likewise gathered to decide if the System is serving equity. The police power and other law authorization organizations have been referenced as abusing the detainees under their consideration or general badgering. The Criminal Justice System utilizes a few research structures to empower them think of definitive outcomes. The plan that is applied during research decides the legitimacy of the discoveries. There are a few factors that decide the legitimacy of the discoveries. Among these elements is the example size which decides if it is illustrative of the populace. The measure of mistake suitable is likewise a significant thought. The changeability of the populace attributes should be deliberately assessed to take out the odds of flattening the discoveries. The examination configuration applied ought to permit the scientists to respond to the exploration inquiries with no vagueness. One of the examination plans that are utilized in the Criminal Justice look into is the traditional exploratory structure. In this exploration plan, the subjects to be contemplated are gathered into two: the test gathering and the benchmark group, (David and Sutton, 2004). The term try in this structure implies that the specialists apply some boost to a gathering and they assess how the gathering reacts to the improvement. The benchmark group then again doesn't get any treatment yet is assessed toward the finish of some period. The outcomes are later analyzed for the two gatherings and if there are contrasts discovered, this may imply that the boost applied has positive or negative impacts. In this plan, the perception made after the use of the upgrade or control to the trial bunch is the needy variable. The improvement applied is the free factor. The contention in this structure is to empower the analyst to know the impact the autonomous variable has on the reliant variable. Some characterizing trait of the traditional research configuration is that it has a treatment and a benchmark group. Another trait of this plan is that arbitrary task of subjects to treatment and control bunches must be watched. The scientist must have the option to control the upgrade and apply them to the treatment bunch as it were. The benchmark group is just for examination purposes and hence no upgrade is applied to the gathering. The other attribute of the old style analyze inquire about structure is that must permit the scientist to play out a pretest of the factors of concern and a posttest toward the finish of the investigation (Worrall, 2005). In the examinations whose goals are to distinguish cause-impact relationship, inner legitimacy is of most extreme significance. The scientists should confine the association of different elements with the subjects to lessen changeability. The old style test configuration offers scientists with a carefully controlled investigation to such an extent that different elements may not influence the examination. This plan requires the treatment and control gatherings to be carefully observed to kill different components association. The consequences of such an investigation would in this manner indisputably be supposed to be because of the boost applied. On the off chance that a reason impact study permitted different variables to collaborate with the subjects, specialists may incorrectly relate their outcomes to the applied upgrade. Since the Criminal Justice System examine depends on testing the functionality of specific projects, for example, probation programs, inside legitimacy is accentuated and traditional test configuration is the most appropriate plan for them. Outside legitimacy is worried about whether the aftereffects of an investigation can be summed up for the entire populace. The expectation of causal relationship inquire about is to help with understanding the components that can be changed and by which level to accomplish certain outcomes. The way that the old style exploratory plan utilizes carefully control makes it difficult for the structure to meet outside legitimacy test. The inquiry that endures is whether the impacts saw under a controlled investigation would be seen under uncontrolled arrangement. Most research in the Criminal Justice System happens in the characteristic setting of the general public which does not have that control. Old style test configuration doesn't accomplish much in the outside legitimacy test (Maxfield and Babbie, 2005). In any case, it doesn't imply that the plan ought not be utilized for such investigations however that more control ought to be applied to make preparations for completing an examination that can't be applied anyplace else. The traditional trial configuration likewise must be assessed on whether it meets the factual legitimacy test. The measurable legitimacy test is worried about the example size and whether it is agent. It is likewise worried about the tests that are utilized to test the distinctions. The tests applied for the investigation of old style test configuration are sufficiently amazing to recognize the little contrasts between the treatment and the benchmark groups. This implies the plan gives exact outcomes. The plan is additionally less expensive requiring just an agent little example to be incorporated. Despite the fact that there are a couple of deficiencies related with the utilization of this structure for social issues, they don't ignore its significance. The different projects proposed by the Justice System must be confirmed through such a definitive structure. The structure additionally performs well in legitimacy tests and should just be extended to cover the couple of inadequacies. References David, M and Sutton, C. D (2004). Social Research: The Basics. London: Sage Publications. Maxfield, M. G and Babbie, E. R, (2005). Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Inc. Worrall, J. L, (2005). Showing Criminal Justice Students How to Choose Between ResearchDesigns. Foundation of Criminal Justice Sciences Today, Vol xxx, No. 2. California State University.

Home Burial: Gender Roles In Grief Essay -- essays research papers

     When it ends up badly there are extremely unmistakable sexual orientation jobs. In a marriage or a relationship there is consistently the supposed solid one who never shows any feeling, which is generally the male. At that point there is the thing that individuals call the busybody, who regularly lets her feelings control as long as she can remember; more than likely this depicts the lady in the relationship. In this sonnet, â€Å"Home Burial†, Amy and her better half fit these sexual orientation jobs flawlessly. They contend about the manner in which pain ought to be communicate and neglect to see it from the other’s perspective.      We discover that Amy’s distress started from the second that she saw her significant other â€Å"making the rock jump into the air† (982) as he burrowed the grave. She accepted through what she saw him do that he could have no â€Å"feelings† (982). This powers Amy to go to â€Å"somebody else† (983) and share her sentiments as opposed to holding with her significant other, who likewise shares the misfortune, however stays unfit to talk about it. Amy needs to communicate her sentiments with someone who sympathizes with her torment, and she imagines that her significant other isn't able to do thing. Later in the sonnet, she goes onto state that she doesn’t feel that any man can do something like this. This demonstrates the way that numerous individuals see men to be not able to show their emotions as effectively as ladies do. It isn’t as though they can't feel, however it is that they experience issues communicating their feelin gs as uninhibitedly as ladies do. Some portion of this can be accused upon the way that...

Texas A&M Essay Sample - How to Apply and Use Them

Texas A&M Essay Sample - How to Apply and Use ThemThere are several Texas A&M applications in which you can write your own essays that can be greatly helpful when you are applying for scholarships and other financial aid. This is a time-tested way of writing the essays because it gets you prepared for the writing part. The new application the college will ask you to prepare will require that you do not just write what you believe, but you have to come up with essays that you can live with, and that you feel good about.There are many ways that you can apply TeCas essay samples to the college you are applying to. The reason is that many institutions will even take those essays that are in English for credit. If you want to get this type of credit, you can do so by giving a chapter or essay that is translated into Spanish or another language. You have to do the translation yourself to make sure that it is consistent.In the past, these documents were used for long-term travel abr oad, and they can still be considered as such. They are now being used as a means of preparation for the freshman year. This will be more important for Texan students as opposed to people from other places.If you have never applied for scholarships before, you will most likely have to get these essay samples from the university you are applying to. The reason is that they will have hundreds of essays go through for each scholarship that they offer. These are all done at the same time so that everyone has the chance to get their essays approved and look good on the application.The university's main goal is to see that you are doing everything you can to improve your chances of getting accepted. The reason is that they don't want any student to apply and not be accepted. This is so that they can maintain their enrollment numbers as well as their income. However, they can only accept so many students each year, so they are constantly looking for ways to increase the number of students who enroll.In fact, if you are an undergraduate student at a university in Texas, you will need to do this at least twice. Once, when you get accepted and again before you enroll. The reason is that each time you apply, you will have to submit the first application to the Texas A&M University Admissions Office. Then, after the first application is approved, you will need to take your next essay and submit it to the appropriate college that you are applying to.In essence, this is why it is critical for Texan students to get their essays and applications prepared as soon as possible. These can help you land that scholarship that you have been dreaming of and can help you get in with less of a fuss.

Outsourcing Research Paper - 2200 Words

Outsourcing (Research Paper Sample) Content: Title: OUTSOURCINGName:Tutor:Course:Date:EXECUTIVE SUMMMARYOutsourcing basically means getting an outside firm to provide services or deliver products which could also have been done internally by the firm, for example customer products retail and distribution of electronics. In the modern setting, outsourcing turns out to be highly complex and organisations have turned to use outsourcing vendors for various reasons. The main driving and motivating factor of outsourcing is reduction in costs. Other major drivers include global financial crisis, flexibility of production, access to better and new technology, due diligence from the customers point of view, better economies of scale, a greater competitive advantage, increased capital investment, better service quality and definitely access to the best skills available in the economy. This paper will mostly consider outsourcing in the electronics manufacturing, Information Technology and Human resources sectors.MAIN ISSUE SThe most important issue to consider while outsourcing for a service or product, is to know the firm's core functions. The firm can then make considerations to outsource other processes which will not dilute their primary goals. These non-core functions may include maintenance, implementation and design of automation systems which can be outsourced from other firms which have expertise and experience. This will increase their values, improve focus and generally expose them to world class experts. Outsourcing of manufacturing and distribution operations has a longstanding history as a means of minimizing operational risk in a dynamic marketplace is a well established strategy.A good example is the following number of issues related to Human resources outsourcing:The position of off shoring, including job losses and redeploymentThe strategic and management complexities of Human resource outsourcing dealsThe future purpose and contribution of human resource because of possibilities o f functions being transformed, or partially outsourced, through human resources outsourcing dealsThe difficulty of human resource has in assuming more strategic or value adding roles after implementing the outsourcingThe key success factors that need to be considered for outsourcing to be successful include the following; Risk management- Locations for the outsourcing should be well evaluated, operational and strategic risks should be analysed by ensuring that the right governance structures are put in place to avoid getting frustrations and lossesCompelling business case- Baseline costs should be defined and all current service levels accurately calculated so that the success of outsourcing can be correctly be known in advance.Service delivery- Roles, scope and the difference between the in house and outsourcing should be determined and evaluated with care and clear boundaries put between then to prevent conflict of interests and overriding of duties. The best operational model sho uld be adopted and be supported to the end by the management. Leadership- A good leader should be appointed who has excellent entrepreneurial flair that will oversee the process and manage it like a business.Management commitment- The senior management should commit them into the outsourcing process way before the process is started and keep their promise throughout the migration for successful target results to be achieved.There are several problems which are attributed to the outsourcing implementation process which are hereby listed;Resistance by the head user to adopt new method- Introduction of outsourced product will lead to changes in process, technology, behaviour and maybe in staffing. The outsourced firm cannot control what happens after they deliver the products as the receiving end user may prevent its intended achievement and objectives through lack of compliance, strategy disagreements or delays in their final execution.Poor mutual understanding of the outsourcing cont ract- The significant number of new people who are involved in the implementation process who were never consulted during the initiation process may impair the intended absorption period which may lead to difference in views and opinions on the intentions of the contract.Culture clashing between the client and the service/product provider-The corporate culture and the more recent emerging regional culture may clash. The client and the product provider definitely have different norms and ways of doing their decision making which pose as a problem during the implementation period. The issue is that outsourcing represents commercial relationship between the two parties where both parties are interested in getting the best of the deal regardless of the extreme measures taken.Post contract processes not understood- When the expectation of the delivery is not met or the performance expected is not achieved, the project may get stalled on the way and both parties will get frustrated and th e whole schedule will be delayed.Lack of support on the receiving client leaders- If there is any lack of buy-in from the management of the receiving products client, the project is doomed to fail or delay because of the passive resistance. This is caused mainly by the unpreparedness of the changes due to come or the representative team do not understand fully the unique process of a particular organization.NEW LEARNING New studies have been done in the recent past. It shows that there has been increased competition in all sectors of the economy for example, cities in China are now doing well in outsourcing and have already overtaken their counterparts in India who doing well in offshore global delivery. The most person to person outsourcing popular currently are online tutoring, writing and translation services and web and software development, deployment, implementation and support on the same. The outsourcing business is also becoming more popular and has led to many suppliers ge tting into the business creating competition which has led to significant consolidation. Analysts and experts in this industry have predicted that soon there will be dynamics in mergers and acquisition in this sector to strengthen their service delivery. The main motivation for IT outsourcing is cost sourcing and getting the best expertise. This is because paying for outsourced technology will generally cost less than designing and maintaining one internally. These decisions are driven by cost predictability due to fixed contracts, sharing risk on technology investments, access to specialised expertise, political reasons that hinder internal systems effectiveness and the perception portrayed by the efficiency of the internal systems. The outside provider is also able to identify the business trends or upgrades that may be needed to have the best system put in place. The factors that will be considered before outsourcing for information technology software or system includes, how qui ckly the system will become obsolete, how scalable the system infrastructure should be put to support the demands placed on it, how effective the system environment can be managed to support corporate business objectives and definitely the cost savings that will be realized if the system is outsourced comparing it to designing it internally. These benefits may include, assistance with globalization, improved predictability of costs, lower long term capital investments, staff reallocation, access to new skills and technology, faster and high quality service and improved efficiency and finally the ability to concentrate and focus on the activities that will add value proposition and increase its competitive positioning.According to the recent studies that have been done about 30% of the firms mostly medium size companies outsource the human resources. More and more organisations are increasing their use of the human resources outsourcing. This has enabled these firms to adopt a more s trategic role to a limited extent. Significance information is that human resources outsourcing is more predominant among the private sector organisations. The drivers of human resources outsourcing activity are quality to skills and knowledge, the firm size, complexity of activities, measurability of performance may be ambiguous, to transform the organisation, to increase the product and service value, customer satisfaction and share-holder value, increase flexibility to meet changing business conditions, demands for products and services and technologies and definitely cost reduction attributed from maintaining a permanent human resource department.Other factors may include, prior experience with outsourcing of other functions, the presence of a union, and the level of uncertainty in the volume of the human resource activity required to play a key role in almost every decision. The most popular outsourced human resources areas are those considered more transactional in nature tho ugh there is also some evidence of more strategic level outsourcing within the human resource function. However human resources outsourcing should be done because large firms sizes are no longer a competitive standard, competitive pressures are more severe in a global economy, investors and analysts demand a more focused management that delivers, bottom line performance, growth and size are no longer predictors of future profits and cutting edge technology and knowledge are now recognized as competitive weapons but are expensive to acquire and successful results are often elusive when implemented internally.In the manufacturing industry the outsourcing is a new term and concept all together for those industries that manufacture equipment. The concept that existed was make or buy that was more of a decision making and currently it is difficult to find a company that manu...

Criminal Profiling A Psychological And Behavioral...

Hannah Nguyen Mrs. Fischer Psychology 19 October 2017 Criminal Profiling What is criminal profiling? Criminal profiling is the analysis of a person’s psychological and behavioral characteristics, so as to assess whether they are likely to have committed a crime under investigation. The job of a criminal profiler is to create depiction of the perpetrators. This job relies heavily on criminal psychology because psychologists must identify the thought process and/or patterns in reoccurring crimes. One of the most famous criminal profiling studies was the study of the Suffolk Sniper. In this case, a man killed one person, attempted to murder another two, and later confessed to burglary and rape of a fifteen year old girl. The first†¦show more content†¦Other times, it is people s brain chemistry or genetic makeup that cause them to commit crimes. All these theories and studies are answers to the question of what causes people to become criminals, but criminal profilers help identify which specific answer fits the criminal’s crime according to their past history and psychological state of mind. When talking about symptoms of this â€Å"disorder†, the crimes committed are what we look at. The most committed crimes are larceny, burglary, motor vehicle theft, aggravate assault, and robbery. People around the ages of fifteen to twenty-four make up forty percent of criminals. With the age growing so young, the more aware and negligent we must be. White males are the ones to most likely commit crimes. As of September 11, 2017 St. Louis, Missouri is the city with the highest crime rate followed by Baltimore, Maryland and Detroit, Michigan. With such catastrophic and horrific events happening in our world lately, it is important to know the physical and emotional ways to spot a criminal. Criminals usually have the glibness trait meaning they are smooth talkers. They talk very smoothly, quickly, and easily. They also have superficial charm which means they seem charming and slick. C riminals also usually look at things with grandiosity, or an unrealistic sense of superiority. Pathological lying is also a trait ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Criminal Justice1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Criminal Profiling Criminal Profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. It most notably can be traced back to work done in the later part of the last century, and possibly even earlier in a variety of forms. There has been a definite growth since this early work, with many individuals doing a great deal of both research and practical work in criminal profiling. The investigativeRead MoreCriminal Profiling : An Investigative Tool1359 Words   |  6 Pagesforces such as the FBI and the police use criminal profiling as an investigative tool aimed at helping them identify or predict characteristics of criminals who are not yet identified. Criminal profiling as an investigation tool allows investigators to compile and establish the right description of the criminal implicated. Investigators can also use geographical profiling to establish the location of the criminal. The criminal profiling pro cedure is used by detectives to satisfy certain needs inRead MoreEssay about Issues In Psychological Profiling1329 Words   |  6 PagesIssues In Psychological Profiling Historically, crime and criminals have always caught the attention of law-abiding citizens. Whenever there is mention of serial killers or unsolved murders or abductions, psychological profiling, floats to the top of the list of concerns (Egger, 1999). 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As wellRead MoreEthnic Vs Behavioral Profiling Rough Draft1663 Words   |  7 Pages Ethnic vs Behavioral Profiling Rough Draft On September 11th, the President proclaimed that the security of the airline business needs to be augmented. He invoked the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of Transportation, Central Intelligence Agency, and other federal organizations to oversee this operation. Surprisingly, this speech was given thirty years prior to 9/11 by President Nixon. His speech was given in response to advice pertaining to airport security, and then 9/11 caught theRead MoreProfiling in Law Enforcement751 Words   |  3 PagesThe term profiling is defined as â€Å"the use of personal characteristics or behavior patterns to make a generalization about a person†; therefore, this refers to gender profiling. The second part of the definition also states the â€Å"use of these characteristics to determine whether a person may be engaged in illegal activity† refers to what is called racial profiling (Dictionary.com, n.d.). Profiling has been used within in law enforcement for a number of y ears, as it provides informational analysisRead MoreCriminal Crime And The Criminal Justice System1693 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Profiler/Psychologist’s are people in the Criminal Justice System that create psychological profiles of criminals in order to identify behavioral patterns, in efforts to help officers narrow down their searches to people who fit that particular description. Profiler’s examine crime scenes, analyze evidence, read reports from investigators, write reports, and interview witnesses and victims in order to collect information. They may work for local, state, or federal law enforcement. ProfilersRead MoreThe Future of Psychological Profiling1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future of Psychological Profiling CJ430-01: Psychological Profiling Professor William Formby Kaplan University May 18, 2012 The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of psychological profiling as an investigative tool for the future. The paper will try to focus on what happens if profiles are developed that have not accurately portrayed the apprehended. Additionally this paper will be reviewing the Baton Rouge Serial Killer and The Unabomer cases in order to answer additionalRead MoreBehavioral Analysis Unit1076 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigation 12/1/2010 Behavioral Analysis Unit One of the many age old questions facing society today, is what makes a criminal suceptible to committing that particular crime; or why was that person targeted as a victim. This question has sparked many debates within the criminal justice field, which is the reason the Behavioral Science Unit was created by the Federal Bereau of Investigation. In certain cases, knowing how a criminals mind operates, will help lead an investigation in the right

The Collision Of Cultures Chinua Achebe s Things Fall...

The Collision of Cultures Change is a reoccurring theme throughout history. It destroys and creates. It displaces and introduces. It can cause death and life. The movement of imperialism in Africa brought great change to the native tribal life. Forcing the indigenous people to turn away from their century-old traditions caused violent rifts between the European settlers and the tribes, as well as internal problems between once amiable members of the Ibo culture. With the introduction of the foreign Western Society in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the tribe’s life and ideals are drastically altered as the new ethics and principles collide with the old traditions and laws, causing the members of the society to either adapt or be crushed underneath the foot of colonialism. Achebe’s character, Okonkwo, was impacted immensely by the cultural collision, as his previous way of life was pulverized before his eyes, and he found no reason to live any longer. Life before the coming of the Westerners was the life Okonkwo loved. â€Å"Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His fame rested on solid personal achievements. As a young man of eighteen he had brought honour to his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat† (Achebe 1). With his entire life ahead of him, Okonkwo had brought great fame to his name and had already achieved what it took some men a lifetime before he turned twenty. He was regarded as â€Å"one of the greatest men of all time† (Achebe 3). Not onlyShow MoreRelatedImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 Pagescountries.When Chinua Achebe published Things fall apart in 1958, a novel criticizing the European aspects of imperialism, his aspiration was to teach readers that â€Å"their past-with all its imperfections-was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(Chinua Ache be on the Role of the African Writer, 1964). Chinua Achebe helped change the western perception of African culture by using the characters and story of Things Fall Apart to give readersRead MoreChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe classic African literary tale Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a brilliant account of historical African culture and the destruction colonialism can cause upon such cultures. As the reader follows the narrative and complexity of the characters through the novel, a sense of pride, trust, and faith in history emerges. Yet, with the introduction of colonialism the characters must learn to embrace and adapt to a new culture and set of beliefs or face termination from society. TheRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1625 Words   |  7 Pagesof thought. You’re living in pure harmony and feel as if your life is going to be peaceful forever. But what if one day someone comes along and changes your world, taking away your custom beliefs and changing your culture. What would you do? In the novel Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the character Okonkwo, an indigenous member of the Ibo tribe, comes in conflict with the European settlers as they try to convert his tribe to Christianity. Even though many people choose to convert to this newRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1783 Words   |  8 Pagesof their identity that make them all unique beings, but just what is an identity and how does it affect the culture we live in? Like, each individual finger print each person is born with, we are all a combination of a variety of aspects that are affected and affect the culture one live in. Identity is not just what a person is like, but attitudes of one, that are quintessential of one s character, and plays a role in various social environments. In this time, in the novel, the missionaries arrival

Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1646 Words

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a mishmash of stories within stories within a story, and several other texts are referenced within this amalgamation of literature. The intertextual links made in Frankenstein help to provide the reader with a greater insight into the mind of Mary Shelley and her most famous work. References to the text Paradise lost and Greek mythology in the development of characters adds depth to a tale of creation and destruction, causing the questions Shelley asks about humanity to resonate far more poignantly with the reader. Frankenstein in many ways acts as a mirror, reflecting Milton’s Paradise Lost explicitly throughout the text. Milton’s purpose in writing Paradise Lost was to â€Å"justify the way of God to man†, this†¦show more content†¦Victor, like Satan does not consider the ramifications of his actions. He â€Å"ardently desired knowledge† in an attempt to become more than his father, his creator (of sorts) even if it lead to his destruction. The word â€Å"ardently† is typically a feminine and irrational feeling conveying his recklessness and contrasting the rationality of science causing the reader to question Victor’s ability as a scientist or creator. In Milton’s works Eve never interacts with god. The women in Frankenstein, Walton’s sister and Elizabeth are kept away from the main story and the action; they are used mostly as narrative or plot devices: the sister as giving someone for Walton to write to and Elizabeth as a com panion and then catalyst for Victor and the Monster’s chase. The narrator of Paradise Lost describes Adam as created for God, and Eve as created for Adam, and that she was designed for the purpose of companionship much like Elizabeth’s depiction. Although the gender imbalances of Paradise Lost are based on the current societal ideologies and those of the bible, Shelley’s depiction (or lack thereof) can been seen to suggest their importance in the creation of life. Victor Frankenstein, through his speech and actions is constructed as a symbolic parallel to God, particularly through his creation of life. However Shelley’s God figure is

Case Study Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong...

Case Study Chase’s Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan Analysts: Bian Min, Luo Min, Wang Hongyu, Zhu Haidong Syndicated loan, with two or more bank lenders and a single set of legal documents, have gained tremendous popularity among corporations to finance their projects. This report aimed at evaluating the process by which Chase Manhattan Bank (â€Å"Chase†) syndicated the HK$3.3 billion Hong Kong Disneyland financing. To begin with, a detailed analysis of the first-round bidding concerns will be provided, followed by a discussion on the ‘market flex’ terms in the standard commitment letter. After that, alternative syndication strategies will be examined, supplemented with the risk-return trade-offs of†¦show more content†¦In terms of pricing, it could quote an underwriting fee of between 100bp and 150bp, based on the analysis of comparable transactions. Moreover, these fees could be further lowered if Chase was awarded with the sole lead arranger mandate. Considering Chase’s competitive pricing, global leadership in syndicated finance and full commitmen t to the deal, Disney would most likely shortlist Chase in the first round. This is exactly what happened. In fact, Chase outcompeted other 5 shortlisted banks in the final round and gained the sole-mandate in leading the syndicated loan. 2. Singing the Commitment Letter Disney’s Concern We believe signing the standard commitment letter is not in Disney’s best interest and therefore not advisable. Viewing from Disney’s perspective, the ‘market flex’ provision in the standard commitment letter is significantly detrimental as it inflicts additional market volatility risk and uncertainty to Disney in the syndication process. It entitles Chase to subsequently adjust the features of the Facility including the terms, amount, structure and pricing given a change in Hong Kong Dollar market, which effectively transfers the underwriting risk from Chase to Disney. If Disney would assume such risks, there is no point in choosing a lead arranger of syndicated lo an through a bid, because the least expensive terms proposed are subject to change once interest rate fluctuates. It is somewhat

Cinematography Everything You Need To Know Essay Example For Students

Cinematography Everything You Need To Know Essay Cinematography: Everything You Need To Know(sin-uh-muh-tahg-ruh-fee)Cinematography is the technique and art of making motion pictures, whichare a sequence of photographs of a single subject that are taken over timeand then projected in the same sequence to create an illusion of motion. Each image of a moving object is slightly different from the preceding one. ProjectorA motion-picture projector projects the sequence of picture frames,contained on a ribbon of film, in their proper order. A claw engagesperforations in the film and pulls the film down into the film gate,placing each new frame in exactly the same position as the preceding one. When the frame is in position, it is projected onto the screen byilluminating it with a beam of light. The period of time between theprojection of each still image when no image is projected is normally notnoticed by the viewer. Two perceptual phenomenapersistence of vision and the critical flickerfrequencycause a continuous image. Persistence of a vision is theability of the viewer to retain or in some way remember the impression ofan image after it has been withdrawn from view. The critical flickerfrequency is the minimum rate of interruption of the projected light beamthat will not cause the motion picture to appear to flicker. A frequencyabove about 48 interruptions a second will eliminate flicker. CameraLike a still camera (see CAMERA), a movie camera shoots each pictureindividually. The movie camera, however, must also move the film preciselyand control the shutter, keeping the amount of light reaching the filmnearly constant from frame to frame. The shutter of a movie camera isessentially a circular plate rotated by an electric motor. An opening inthe plate exposes the film frame only after the film has been positionedand has come to rest. The plate itself continues to rotate smoothly. Photographic materials must be manufactured with great precision. Theperforations, or holes in the film, must be precisely positioned. Thepitchthe distance from one hole to anothermust be maintained by correctfilm storage. By the late 1920s, a sound-on-film system of synchronousSOUND RECORDING was developed and gained widespread popularity. In thisprocess, the sound is recorded separately on a machine synchronized withthe picture camera. Unlike the picture portion of the film, the soundportion is recorded and played back continuously rather than inintermittent motion. Although editing still makes use of perforated filmfor flexibility, a more modern technique uses conventional magnetic tapefor original recording and synchronizes the recording to the pictureelectronically (see TAPE RECORDER). If the number of photographs projected per unit time (frame rate) differsfrom the number produced per unit time by the camera, an apparent speedingup or slowing down of the normal rate is created. Changes in the framerates are used occasionally for comic effect or motion analysis. Cinematography becomes an art when the filmmaker attempts to make movingimages that relate directly to human perception, provide visualsignificance and information, and provoke emotional response. History of Film TechnologySeveral parlor toys of the early 1800s used visual illusions similar tothose of the motion picture. These include the thaumatrope (1825); thephenakistiscope (1832); the stroboscope (1832); and the zoetrope (1834). The photographic movie, however, was first used as a means of investigationrather than of theatrical illusion. Leland Stanford, then governor ofCalifornia, hired photographer Eadweard MUYBRIDGE to prove that at sometime in a horses gallop all four legs are simultaneously off the ground. Muybridge did so by using several cameras to produce a series ofphotographs with very short time intervals between them. Such a multiplephotographic record was used in the kinetoscope, which displayed aphotographic moving image and was commercially successful for a time. The kinetoscope was invented either by Thomas Alva EDISON or by hisassistant William K. L. Dickson, both of whom had experimented originallywith moving pictures as a supplement to the phonograph record. They laterturned to George EASTMAN, who provided a flexible celluloid film base tostore the large number of images necessary to create motion pictures. The mechanical means of cinematography were gradually perfected. It wasdiscovered that it was better to display the sequence of imagesintermittently rather than continuously. This technique allowed a greaterpresentation time and more light for the projection of each frame. Anotherimprovement was the loop above and below the film gate in both the cameraand the projector, which prevented the film from tearing. By the late 1920s, synchronized sound was being introduced in movies. These sound films soon replaced silent films in popularity. To prevent themicrophones from picking up camera noise, a portable housing was designedthat muffled noises and allowed the camera to be moved about. In recentyears, equipment, lighting, and film have all been improved, but theprocesses involved remain essentially the same. RICHARD FLOBERGBibliographyBibliography: Fielding, Raymond, ed., A Technological History of MotionPictures and Television (1967); Happe, I. Bernard, Basic Motion PictureTechnology, 2d ed. (1975); Malkiewicz, J. Kris, and Rogers, Robert E.,Cinematography (1973); Wheeler, Leslie J., Principles of Cinematography,4th ed. (1973). film:film, history ofThe history of film has been dominated by the discovery and testing of theparadoxes inherent in the medium itself. Film uses machines to recordimages of life; it combines still photographs to give the illusion ofcontinuous motion; it seems to present life itself, but it also offersimpossible unrealities approached only in dreams.^The motion picture wasdeveloped in the 1890s from the union of still PHOTOGRAPHY, which recordsphysical reality, with the persistence-of-vision toy, which made drawnfigures appear to move. Four major film traditions have developed sincethen: fictional narrative film, which tells stories about people with whoman audience can identify because their world looks familiar; nonfictionaldocumentary film, which focuses on the real world either to instruct or toreveal some sort of truth about it; animated film, which makes drawn orsculpted figures look as if they are moving and speaking; and experimentalfilm, which exploits films ability to creat e a purely abstract,nonrealistic world unlike any previously seen.^Film is considered theyoungest art form and has inherited much from the older and moretraditional arts. Like the novel, it can tell stories; like the drama, itcan portray conflict between live characters; like painting, it composes inspace with light, color, shade, shape, and texture; like music, it moves intime according to principles of rhythm and tone; like dance, it presentsthe movement of figures in space and is often underscored by music; andlike photography, it presents a two-dimensional rendering of what appearsto be three-dimensional reality, using perspective, depth, andshading.^Film, however, is one of the few arts that is both spatial andtemporal, intentionally manipulating both space and time. This synthesishas given rise to two conflicting theories about film and its historicaldevelopment. Some theorists, such as S. M. EISENSTEIN and RudolfArnheim, have argued that film must take the path of the other m odern artsand concentrate not on telling stories or representing reality but oninvestigating time and space in a pure and consciously abstract way. Others, such as Andre Bazin and Siegfried KRACAUER, maintain that film mustfully and carefully develop its connection with nature so that it canportray human events as excitingly and revealingly as possible.^Because ofhis fame, his success at publicizing his activities, and his habit ofpatenting machines before actually inventing them, Thomas EDISON receivedmost of the credit for having invented the motion picture; as early as1887, he patented a motion picture camera, but this could not produceimages. In reality, many inventors contributed to the development ofmoving pictures. Perhaps the first important contribution was the seriesof motion photographs made by Eadweard MUYBRIDGE between 1872 and 1877. Hired by the governor of California, Leland Stanford, to capture on filmthe movement of a racehorse, Muybridge tied a series of wires across thetrack and connected each one to the shutter of a still camera. The runninghorse tripped the wires and exposed a series of still photographs, whichMuybridge then mounted on a stroboscopic disk and projected with a magiclantern to reproduce an image of the horse in motion. Muybridge shothundreds of such studies and went on to lecture in Europe, where his workintrigued the French scientist E. J. MAREY. Marey devised a means ofshooting motion photographs with what he called a photographic gun.^Edisonbecame interested in the possibilities of motion photography after hearingMuybridge lecture in West Orange, N.J. Edisons motion pictureexperiments, under the direction of William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, beganin 1888 with an attempt to record the photographs on wax cylinders similarto those used to make the original phonograph recordings. Dickson made amajor breakthrough when he decided to use George EASTMANs celluloid filminstead. Celluloid was tough but supple and could be manufactured in longrolls, making it an excellent medium for motion photography, which requiredgreat lengths of film. Between 1891 and 1895, Dickson shot many 15-secondfilms using the Edison camera, or Kinetograph, but Edison decided againstprojecting the films for audiencesin part because the visual results wereinadequate and in part because he felt that motion pictures would havelittle public appeal. Instead, Edison marketed an electrically drivenpeep-hole viewing machine (the Kinetoscope) that displayed the marvelsrecorded to one viewer at a time.^Edison thought so little of theKinetoscope that he failed to extend his patent rights to England andEurope, an oversight that allowed two Frenchmen, Louis and Auguste LUMIERE,to manufacture a more portable camera and a functional projector, theCinematographe, based on Edisons machine. The movie era might be said tohave begun officially on Dec. 28, 1895, when the Lumieres presented aprogram of brief motion pictures to a paying audience in the basement of aParis cafe. English and German inventors also copied and improved upon theEdison machines, as did many other experimenters in the United States. Bythe end of the 19th century vast numbers of people in both Europe andAmerica had been exposed to some form of motion pictures.^The earliestfilms presented 15- to 60-second glimpses of real scenes recorded outdoors(workmen, trains, fire engines, boats, parades, soldiers) or of stagedtheatrical performances shot indoors. These two early tendenciestorecord life as it is and to dramatize life for artistic effectcan beviewed as the two dominant paths of film history.^Georges MELIES was themost important of the early theatrical filmmakers. A magician by trade,Melies, in such films as A Trip to the Moon (1902), showed how the cinemacould perform the most amazing magic tricks of all: simply by stopping t hecamera, adding something to the scene or removing something from it, andthen starting the camera again, he made things seem to appear anddisappear. Early English and French filmmakers such as Cecil Hepworth,James Williamson, and Ferdinand Zecca also discovered how rhythmic movement(the chase) and rhythmic editing could make cinemas treatment of time andspace more exciting. American Film in the Silent Era (1903-1928)A most interesting primitive American film was The Great Train Robbery(1903), directed by Edwin S. PORTER of the Edison Company. This earlywestern used much freer editing and camera work than usual to tell itsstory, which included bandits, a holdup, a chase by a posse, and a finalshoot-out. When other companies (Vitagraph, the American Mutoscope andBiograph Company, Lubin, and Kalem among them) began producing films thatrivaled those of the Edison Company, Edison sued them for infringement ofhis patent rights. This so-called patents war lasted 10 years (1898-1908),ending only when nine leading film companies merged to form the MotionPicture Patents Company.^One reason for the settlement was the enormousprofits to be derived from what had begun merely as a cheap novelty. Before 1905 motion pictures were usually shown in vaudeville houses as oneact on the bill. After 1905 a growing number of small, storefront theaterscalled nickelodeons, accommodating less than 200 patrons, began to showmotion pictures exclusively. By 1908 an estimated 10 million Americanswere paying their nickels and dimes to see such films. Young speculatorssuch as William Fox and Marcus Loew saw their theaters, which initiallycost but $1,600 each, grow into enterprises worth $150,000 each within 5years. Called the drama of the people, the early motion pictures attractedprimarily working-class and immigrant audiences who found the nickelodeon apleasant family diversion; they might not have been able to read the wordsin novels and newspapers, but they understood the silent language ofpictures.^The popularity of the moving pictures led to the first attacksagainst it by crusading moralists, police, and politicians. Localcensorship boards were established to eliminate objectionable mate rial fromfilms. In 1909 the infant U.S. film industry waged a counterattack bycreating the first of many self-censorship boards, the National Board ofCensorship (after 1916 called the National Board of Review), whose purposewas to set moral standards for films and thereby save them from costlymutilation.^A nickelodeon program consisted of about six 10-minute films,usually including an adventure, a comedy, an informational film, a chasefilm, and a melodrama. The most accomplished maker of these films wasBiographs D. W. GRIFFITH, who almost singlehandedly transformed both theart and the business of the motion picture. Griffith made over 400 shortfilms between 1908 and 1913, in this period discovering or developingalmost every major technique by which film manipulates time and space: theuse of alternating close-ups, medium shots, and distant panoramas; thesubtle control of rhythmic editing; the effective use of traveling shots,atmospheric lighting, narrative commentary, poetic detail, and visualsymbolism; and the advantages of understated acting, at which his actingcompany excelled. The culmination of Griffiths work was The Birth of aNation (1915), a mammoth, 3-hour epic of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Its historical detail, suspense, and passionate conviction were to outdatethe 10-minute film altogether.^The decade between 1908 and 1918 was one ofthe most important in the history of American film. The full-lengthfeature film replaced the program of short films; World War I destroyed orrestricted the film industries of Europe, promoting greater technicalinnovation, growth, and commercial stability in America; the FILM INDUSTRYwas consolidated with the founding of the first major studios in Hollywood,Calif. (Fox, Paramount, and Universal); and the great American silentcomedies were born. Mack SENNETT became the driving force behind theKeystone Company soon after joining it in 1912; Hal Roach founded hiscomedy company in 1914; and Charlie CHAPLIN probably had the best-knownface in the world in 1916.^During this period the first movie stars rose tofame, replacing the anonymous players of the short films. In 1918,Americas two favorite stars, Charlie Chaplin and Mary PICKFORD, bothsigne d contracts for over $1 million. Other familiar stars of the decadeincluded comedians Fatty ARBUCKLE and John Bunny, cowboys William S. HARTand Bronco Billy Anderson, matinee idols Rudolph VALENTINO and JohnGilbert, and the alluring females Theda BARA and Clara BOW. Along with thestars came the first movie fan magazines; Photoplay published its inauguralissue in 1912. That same year also saw the first of the FILM SERIALS, ThePerils of Pauline, starring Pearl White.^The next decade in American filmhistory, 1918 to 1928, was a period of stabilization rather than expansion. Films were made within studio complexes, which were, in essence, factoriesdesigned to produce films in the same way that Henry Fords factoriesproduced automobiles. Film companies became monopolies in that they notonly made films but distributed them to theaters and owned the theaters inwhich they were shown as well. This vertical integration formed thecommercial foundation of the film industry for the next 30 years. Two newproducing companies founded during the decade were Warner Brothers (1923),which would become powerful with its early conversion to synchronizedsound, and Metro-Goldwyn (1924; later Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), the producingarm of Loews, under the direction of Louis B. MAYER and IrvingTHALBERG.^Attacks against immorality in films intensified during thisdecade, spurred by the sensual implications and sexual practices of themovie stars both on and off the screen. In 1921, after several nationallypublicized sex and drug scandals, the industry headed off the threat offederal C ENSORSHIP by creating the office of the Motion Picture Producersand Distributors of America (now the Motion Picture Association ofAmerica), under the direction of Will HAYS. Hays, who had been postmastergeneral of the United States and Warren G. Hardings campaign manager,began a series of public relations campaigns to underscore the importanceof motion pictures to American life. He also circulated several lists ofpractices that were henceforth forbidden on and off the screen.^Hollywoodfilms of the 1920s became more polished, subtle, and skillful, andespecially imaginative in handling the absence of sound. It was the greatage of comedy. Chaplin retained a hold on his world-following withfull-length features such as The Kid (1920) and The Gold Rush (1925);Harold LLOYD climbed his way to successand got the girlno matter howgreat the obstacles as Grandmas Boy (1922) or The Freshman (1925); BusterKEATON remained deadpan through a succession of wildly bizarre sight gagsin Sherlock Jr. and The Navigator (both 1924); Harry Langdon was ever theinnocent elf cast adrift in a mean, tough world; and director ErnstLUBITSCH, fresh from Germany, brought his touch to understated comediesof manners, sex, and marriage. The decade saw the United Statess firstgreat war film (The Big Parade, 1925), its first great westerns (TheCovered Wagon, 1923; The Iron Horse, 1924), and its first great biblicalepics (The Ten Commandments, 1923, and King of Kings, 1927, both made byCecil B. DE MILLE). Other films of this era included Erich Von STROHEIMssexual studies, Lon CHANEYs grotesque costume melodramas, and the firstgreat documentary feature, Robert J. FLAHERTYs Nanook of the North(1922). Bipolar Disorder 2 EssayYoshiro Ozus poetic studies of modern domestic relations (Tokyo Story,1953; An Autumn Afternoon, (1962) introduced Western audiences to apersonal sensitivity that was both intensely national and universal. Younger directors, whose careers date from the postwar burgeoning of theJapanese film, include Teinosuke Kinugasa (Gate of Hell, 1953), HiroshiTeshigahara (Woman of the Dunes, 1964, from a script by the novelist ABEKOBO), Masahiro Shinoda (Under the Cherry Blossoms, 1975), Nagisa Oshima(The Ceremony, 1971) and Musaki Kobayashi, best known for his nine-hourtrilogy on the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, The Human Condition(1959-61), and Harakiri (1962), a deglamorization of the samuraitradition.^The film industry in India, which ranks among the largest in theworld, has produced very little for international consumption. Its mostfamous director, Satyajit RAY, vividly brings to life the problems of anIndia in transition, in particular in the trilogy comprising PatherPanchali (1955), Aparajito (1956), and The World of Apu (1958). Bengali isthe language used in almost all Rays films. In 1977, however, he producedThe Chess Players, with sound tracks in both Hindi and English. American Film TodayThroughout the 1960s and 70s, the American film industry accommodateditself to the competition of this world market; to a film audience that hadshrunk from 80 million to 20 million weekly; to the tastes of a primarilyyoung and educated audience; and to the new social and sexual valuessweeping the United States and much of the rest of the industrializedworld. The Hollywood studios that have survived in name (Paramount,Warners, Universal, MGM, Fox) are today primarily offices for filmdistribution. Many are subsidiaries of such huge conglomerates as the CocaCola Company or Gulf and Western. Increasingly, major films are being shotin places other than Hollywood (New York City, for example, is recoveringits early status as a filmmaking center), and Hollywood now produces farmore television movies, series, and commercials than it does motionpictures.^American movies of the past 20 years have moved more stronglyinto social criticism (Doctor Strangelove, 1963; The Graduate , 1967; TheGodfather, 1971; One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, 1975; The Deer Hunter,1978; Norma Rae, 1979; Apocalypse Now, 1979; Missing, 1982); or they haveoffered an escape from social reality into the realm of fantasy, aided bythe often beautiful, sometimes awesome effects produced by new filmtechnologies (2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968; Jaws, 1975; Star Wars and CloseEncounters of the Third Kind, 1977; Altered States, 1979; E. T., 1982); orthey have returned to earnest or comic investigations of the dilemmas ofeveryday life (a troubled family, in Ordinary People, 1980; divorce lifeand male parenting, in Kramer v. Kramer, 1979; women in a male world, inNine to Five, 1979, and Tootsie, 1982). The most successful directors ofthe past 15 yearsStanley KUBRICK, Robert ALTMAN, Francis Ford COPPOLA,Woody ALLEN, George LUCAS, and Steven SPIELBERGare those who have playedmost imaginatively with the tools of film communication itself. The starsof recent years (with the exceptions of Paul NEWMAN and Robert REDFORD)have, for their part, been more offbeat and less glamorous than theirpredecessors of the studio eraRobert DE NIRO, Jane Fonda (see FONDAFAMILY), Dustin HOFFMAN, Jack NICHOLSON, Al PACINO, and Meryl STREEP.^Thelast two decades have seen the virtual extinction of animated film, whichis too expensive to make well, and the rebirth of U.S. documentary film inthe insightful work of Fred WISEMAN, the Maysles brothers, Richard Leacockand Donn Pennebaker, and, in Europe, of Marcel OPHULS. Even richer is theexperimental, or underground, movement of the 1960s and 1970s, in whichfilmmakers such as Stan BRAKHAGE, Kenneth Anger, Bruce Baillie, HollisFrampton, Michael Snow, and Robert Breer have worked as personally andabstractly with issues of visual and psychological perception as havemodern painters and poets. The new vitality of these two oppositetraditionsthe one devoted to revealing external reality, the other torevealing the life of the mindunderscores the persistence of thedichotomy inherent in the film medium. In the future, film will probablycontinue to explore these opposing potentialities. Narrative films inparticular will probably continue trends that began with the French NewWave, experimenting with more elliptical ways of telling film stories andeither borrowing or rediscovering many of the images, themes, and devicesof the experimental film itself. GERALD MASTBibliographyBibliography:GENERAL HISTORIES AND CRITICISM: Arnheim, Rudolf, Film as Art(1957; repr. 1971); Bazin, Andre, What is Cinema?, 2 vols., trans. byHugh Gray (1967, 1971); Cook, David A., A History of Narrative Film,1889-1979 (1981); Cowie, Peter, ed., Concise History of the Cinema, 2 vols. (1970); Eisenstein, Sergei M., Film Form (1949; repr. 1969); Halliwell,Leslie, Filmgoers Companion, 6th ed. (1977); Jowett, Garth, Film: TheDemocratic Art (1976); Kael, Pauline, Reeling (1976), and 5,000 Nights atthe Movies: A Guide from A to Z (1982); Kracauer, Siegfried, Theory ofFilm: The Redemption of Physical Reality (1960); Mast, Gerald, A ShortHistory of the Movies, 2d ed. (1976); Mast, Gerald, and Cohen, Marshall,Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings (1974); Monaco, James, Howto Read a Film (1977); Peary, Danny, Cult Movies (1981); Robinson, David,The History of World Cinema (1973).^ NATIONAL FILM HISTORIES: AMERICAN:Higham, Charles, The Art of American Film, 1900-1971 (1973); Monaco, James,American Film Now: The People, the Power, the Movies (1979); Sarris,Andrew, The American Cinema: Directors and Directions, 1929-1968 (1968);Sklar, Robert, Movie-Made America (1975).^AUSTRALIAN: Stratton, David, TheLast New Wave: The Australian Film Revival (1981).^BRITISH: Armes , Roy, AHistory of British Cinema (1978); Low, Rachael, The History of BritishFilm, 4 vols. (1973); Manvell, Roger, New Cinema in Britain(1969).^FRENCH: Armes, Roy, The French Cinema Since 1946, 2 vols., rev. ed. (1970); Harvey, Sylvia, May 68 and Film Culture (rev. ed., 1980);Monaco, James, The New Wave: Truffaut, Godard, Chabrol, Rohmer, Rivette(1976); Sadoul, Georges, French Film (1953; repr. 1972).^GERMAN: Barlow,John D., German Expressionist Film (1982); Hull, David S., Film of theThird Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933-1945 (1969); Manvell,Roger, and Fraenkel, Heinrich, The German Cinema (1971); Sandford, John TheNew German Cinema (1980); Wollenberg, H. H., Fifty Years of German Film(1948; repr. 1972).^ITALIAN: Jarratt, Vernon, Italian Cinema (1951; repr. 1972); Leprohon, Pierre, The Italian Cinema (1972); Rondi, Gian, ItalianCinema Today (1965); Witcombe, Roger, The New Italian Cinema(1982).^JAPANESE: Mellen, Joan, The Waves at Genjis Door: Japan ThroughIts Cinema (1976); Richie, Donald, The Films of Akira Kurosawa (1965), andThe Japanese Movie: An Illustrated History (1966); Sato, Tadao, Currentsin Japanese Cinema (1982).^RUSSIAN: Cohen, Louis H., TheCultural-Political Traditions and Development of the Soviet Cinema,1917-1972 (1974); Dickenson, Thorold, and De La Roche, Catherine, SovietCinema (1948; repr. 1972); Leyda, Jay, Kino: A History of the Russian andSoviet Film (1960; repr. 1973); Taylor, Richard, Film Propaganda: SovietRussia and Nazi Germany (1979).^SWEDISH: Cowie, Peter, Swedish Cinema(1966); Donner, Jorn, The Personal Vision of Ingmar Bergman (1964); Hardy,Forsyth, The Scandinavian Film (1952; repr. 1972). Porter, ColeCole Porter, b. Peru, Ind., June 9, 1892, d. Oct. 15, 1964, was anAmerican lyricist and composer of popular songs for stage and screen. Agraduate of Yale College, he attended Harvard School of Arts and Sciencesfor 2 years and later studied under the French composer Vincent dIndy. Both his lyrics and music have a witty sophistication, technicalvirtuosity, and exquisite sense of style that have rarely been paralleledin popular music. He contributed brilliant scores to numerous Broadwaymusicals, such as Anything Goes (1934) and Kiss Me, Kate (1948), and tomotion pictures. His best songs have become classics; these include Beginthe Beguine, Night and Day, and I Love Paris. DAVID EWENBibliography: Eells, George, The Life that Late He Led: A Biography of ColePorter (1967); Kimball, Robert, ed., Cole (1971); Schwartz, Charles, ColePorter (1977). Griffith, D. W. David Lewelyn Wark Griffith, b. La Grange, Ky., Jan. 23, 1875, d. July23, 1948, is recognized as the greatest single film director and mostconsistently innovative artist of the early American film industry. Hisinfluence on the development of cinema was worldwide. After gaining experience with a Louisville stock company, he was employedas an actor and writer by the Biograph Film Company of New York in 1907. The following year he was offered a director-producer contract and, for thenext five years, oversaw the production of more than 400 one- and two-reelfilms. As his ideas grew bolder, however, he felt increasingly frustratedby the limitations imposed by his employers. Griffith left Biograph in1913 to join Reliance-Majestic as head of production, and in 1914, he beganhis most famous film, based on the novel The Clansman by Thomas Dixon. This Civil War Reconstruction epic, known as The Birth of a Nation (1915),became a landmark in American filmmaking, both for its artistic merits andfor its unprecedented use of such innovative techniques as flashbacks,fade-outs, and close-ups. The film was harshly condemned, however, for itsracial bias and glorification of the Ku Klux Klan; several subsequentlynchings were blamed on the film. In response to this criticism, Griffithmade what many consider his finest film, Intolerance (1916), in which theevils of intolerance were depicted in four parallel storiesa frameworkthat required a scope of vision and production never before approached. Although Griffith made numerous other films up to 1931, none ranked withhis first two classics. Among the best of these later efforts were Heartsof the World (1918); Broken Blossoms (1919), released by his own newlyformed corporation, United Artists; Way Down East (1920); Orphans of theStorm (1922); America (1924); Isnt Life Wonderful? (1924); and AbrahamLincoln (1930). Of the many actors trained by Griffith and associated withhis name, Mary PICKFORD, Dorothy and Lillian GISH, and Lionel Barrymore(see BARRYMORE family) are the most famous. In 1935, Griffith was honoredby the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with a special award. Bibliography: Barry, Iris, D. W. Griffith, American Film Master (1940);Brown, Karl, Adventures with D. W. Griffith (1976); Geduld, Harry M.,ed., Focus on D. W. Griffith (1971); Gish, Lillian, Lillian Gish: TheMovies, Mr. Griffith and Me (1969); Henderson, Robert M., D. W. Griffith:His Life and Work (1972) and D. W. Griffith: The Years at Biograph(1970); ODell, Paul, Griffith and the Rise of Hollywood (1970);Wagenknecht, Edward C., The Films of D. W. Griffith (1975). film industryThe first four decades of the film age (roughly 1908-48) saw the increasingconcentration of control in the hands of a few giant Hollywood concerns. Since the late 1940s, however, that trend has been reversed; the monolithicstudio system has given way to independent production and diversificationat all levels of the industry.^Although in the silent era small,independent producers were common, by the 1930s, in the so-called goldenage of Hollywood, the overwhelming majority of films were produced,distributed, and exhibited by one of the large California studios. Led byM-G-M, Paramount, RKO, 20th-Century-Fox, Warner Brothers, Columbia, andUniversal, the industry enjoyed the benefits of total vertical integration:because the studios owned their own theater chains, they could requiretheater managers to charge fixed minimum admission rates, to purchasegroups of pictures rather than single releases (block booking), and toaccept films without first previewing them (blind buying). For more thantwo decades the major studios completely controlled their contracted stars,managed vast indoor and outdoor studio sets, and in general profited fro mwhat amounted to a virtual monopoly of the industry.^Shortly after WorldWar II, three factors contributed to the loss of the majors hegemony. First, a number of federal court decisions forced the studios to enddiscriminatory distribution practices, including block booking, blindselling, and the setting of fixed admission prices; in 1948 the SupremeCourt ordered divestiture of their theater chains. Second, the HouseCommittee on Un-American Activities investigated the industry, whichresponded by blacklisting several prominent screenwriters and directorsanaction that called into question the industrys reliability as a promoterof unfettered creative talent. Third, television began to depriveHollywood of large segments of its audience, and the industry reactedtimidly and late to the possibilities for diversification presented by thenew medium.^The effects of these developments were immediate and longlasting. Weekly attendance figures fell from 80 million in 1946 to justover 12 million by 1972. Box-ofice revenues in the same period droppedfrom $1.75 billion to $1.4 billionand this despite constant inflation andadmission prices t hat were often 10 times the prewar average. The moviecolony experienced unprecedented unemployment. The number of films madeyearly declined from an average of 445 in the 1940s to under 150 in the1970s, as the industry sought solvency in blockbusters rather than in thesolid but unspectacular products that had brought it a mass audience beforethe age of television. Between 1948 and 1956 the number of U.S. theatersfell from 20,000 to 10,000, and although 4,000 new drive-in theaterssomewhat offset this attrition, by the mid-1970s less than half of theAmerican spectators amusement dollar was being spent on movies; in the1940s the yearly average had been over 80 cents.^By the late 1960s themajor studios had entered a grave economic slump, for many of their bigpicture gambles fell through. In 1970, 20th-Century-Fox lost $36 million,and United Artists, which as the industry leader had more to lose, ended upmore than $50 million in the red. In response to this devastation of itsprofits, the industry underwent a profound reorganization. Following the1951 lead of United Artists, the majors backed away from production (sinceits cost had contributed heavily to their decline) and restructuredthemselves as loan guarantors and distributors. At the same time, most ofthem became subsidiaries of conglomerates such as Gulf and Western, KinneyNational Service, and Transamerica and began to look to television salesand recording contracts for the revenues that previously had come from thetheater audience alone.^In setting up these new contractual relationshipsthe independent producer played a central role. Such a figure, who by nowhas replaced the old studio mogul as the industrys driving force, bringstogether the various properties associated with a film (including actors, adirector, and book rights) to create a package often financedindependently but distributed by a film company in exchange for a share ofthe rental receipts. Working with the conglomerates and accepting thereality of a permanently reduced market, these private promoters havepartially succeeded in revitalizing the industry.^The rise of independentproduction has been accompanied by diversification of subject matter, withclose attention to the interests of specialized audiences. This trend,which began in the 1950s as an attempt to capture the art house audienceand the youth market, is evident today in the success of martial-arts,rock-music, pornographic, documentary, and black-culture films. Simultaneously, production has moved away from the Hollywood sets andtoward location filming. For many producers, New York City has become theNew filmmakers mecca, while shooting in foreign countries, where cheaplabor is often plentiful, has given the modern film a new internationaltexture; foreign markets have also become increasingly important. Bothgeographically and financially, therefore, the film industry has begun torecapture some of the variety and independence that were common in the daysbefore studio control. THADDEUS F. TULEJABibliography: Balio, Tino, ed., The American Film Industry (1976); Brownlow,Kevin, Hollywood: The Pioneers (1980); David, Saul, The Industry: Life in theHollywood Fast Lane (1981); Phillips, Gene D., The Movie Makers: Artists in anIndustry (1973); Stanley, Robert H., The Celluloid Empire (1978). Table: TEN TOP-GROSSING FILMSTEN TOP-GROSSING FILMS (as of Jan. 1, 1984)FilmYear Gross Earnings*1. E.T. The ExtraTerrestrial1982 $209,567,0002. Star Wars 1977193,500,0003. Return of the Jedi1983165,500,0004. The Empire Strikes Back1980141,600,0005. Jaws 1975133,435,0006. Raiders of the Lost Ark1981115,598,0007. Grease197896,300,0008. Tootsie198294,571,6139. The Exorcist197389,000,00010. The Godfather197286,275,000SOURCE: Variety (1984). *Distributors percentage has been subtracted. Sennett, Mack(sen-et)A pioneer of slapstick film comedy, Mack Sennett, b. Michael Sinnott,Richmond, Quebec, Jan. 17, 1880, d. Nov. 5, 1960, was an uneducatedIrish-Canadian who drifted into films as D. W. Griffiths apprentice. In1912 he started his own comedy studio, called Keystone, where he developedthe Keystone Kops and discovered such major talents as Charlie Chaplin andFrank Capra. With the advent of sound films, comedy shorts became lesspopular, and in the 1930s Sennett, who failed to change with the times,lost his entire fortune. Sennett is, however, still remembered asHollywoods King of Comedy and received a special Academy Award in 1937for his contribution to cinema comedy. LEONARD MALTINBibliography: Fowler, Gene, Father Goose (1934; repr. 1974); Lahue, KaltonC., and Brewer, Terry, Kops and Custards: The Legend of Keystone Films(1968); Sennett, Mack, King of Comedy (1954; repr. 1975). Chaplin, CharlieCharles Spencer Chaplin, b. Apr. 16, 1889, d. Dec. 25, 1977, cinemasmost celebrated comedian-director, achieved international fame with hisportrayals of the mustachioed Little Tramp. As the director, producer,writer, and interpreter of his many movies, he made a major contribution to

BABA Contemporary Issues in Business and Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the BABA Contemporary Issues in Business and Management. Answer: Introduction In the modernized business there are larger numbers of contemporary issues that have risen. Due to these issues, companies need to effectively manage their operations so as to eliminate it (Maylor, Blackmon and Huemann, 2016). This will help company in ensuring its growth rate which is essential for having control over the market. This report highlights the problems that are faced by organizations. It also illustrates the ways in which managers uses contemporary tools for overcoming these issues as well as the theories that support the emerging management practices. Causes and impact of management problems There are many kinds of management problems that arise within a firm (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). Some of the common challenges that modern day organisation faces are: Globalisation: Due to globalisation not only, new opportunities for the companies have come up but they also started facing several new kinds of challenges. One of the biggest challenges is competition (Bookboon, 2011). Innovation: This is also the problem for the organisation as they have to continuously make innovation in their approach of business as well as the product and services they are delivering (Van Der Aalst, La Rosa and Santoro, 2016). Technology: In every six month the advancements in the technology that is used inside the industries are getting doubled. This has created problems for the organisations as they have to make continuous changes in their technology use which requires whole lot money (Wheelen, et. al., 2017). Government policy and regulation: The regulations and policies made by the government is becoming a challenge for the company as they need to make sure that they follow all the guidelines for making the business successful. Diversity: In an organisation there are many people that are coming from different cultural backgrounds (Stark, 2015). This has forced companies to make sure that they adopt all the strategies in a better way so that they work as a team to achieve common goals in spite of such diversity. Ways that managers adopt to overcome these issues There are many ways that can be adopted by the managers to make sure that all the issues that are coming to the business are taken care off in a better manner. There are various types of companies that exist i.e. national, international and local (Heizer, 2016). All these are facing different kinds of challenges. It is the role of the management to make sure that they overcome these challenges in order to ensure higher profits. There are many tools that are used by the mangers so as to check that these problems do not make negative impact on the operations of the firm. The issues that arise in the society due to these problems are as follows: Globalisation: Due to globalisation competition has got intense. This has given choices to the people. On the other hand, it has also forced companies to make changes in the business process otherwise they may lag in their operation which can be dangerous for the survival of the company (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). For example, Coca cola is the multinational beverage brand and is facing problems related to the Globalisation. This company has to face the competition from many bigger and smaller local beverage companies. Its biggest competitor PEPSI co. has given them major challenge in almost all the markets. One of the best methods that this company has adopted is to preserve its trade secrets. This helps them in making sure that they have originality in their product which assists them in leading into the market and face globalisation. They have taken the use of management tool named benchmarking. They have set standards in the beverage industry which only few of its competitors can m atch. They have made particular set of standards for all their existing products and keep monitoring itself in terms of quality that it delivers in its products. This has helped them in their survival. Innovation: Innovation is necessary for the survival of any company. It has also helped society in solving their day to day life problems. Companies need to invest a lot in the research of new products as well as the demands and the requirements of the market (Wheelen and Hunger, 2011). For example, Fujifilm is one of the primary examples of the company that is facing problems related to innovation. This company has learned from the mistakes of Kodak who believed that marketing and branding is sufficient for the survival. This company is facing problem that they want to incorporate open innovation inside the firm. This cannot be possible without incorporating face to face communication inside the firm. They have taken use of the tool named customer segmentation. This helps them in developing products as per the demand of the target consumers. This helps them in making innovation aligned with the demands of the market which helps them in getting success in the market. Technology: It has come up as the gift for the society as it has made the works of the people easier (Adekola and Sergi, 2016). It has also helped businesses in making the cost cuts which is major challenge for the firm. It has brought effectiveness in the operations of the firm which is necessary for manufacturing quality products and services. For example, Wells Fargo bank which is one the leading American banking firm is facing problems related to technology. The speed with which the technology is changing and the treats that are present in the use of IT mediums for banking has created problems for Wells Fargo bank. In order to reduce such type of issues they have taken use of customer relationship management. This has helped them in retaining of consumers by implementing centralised data storage and retention facility. They have taken use of such technology that helps in enhancing the efficiency of CRM. Government policy and regulations: Companies these have to make sure that they have good relations with the government in order to influence them for having regulations that benefits them. For example, Amazon is one the biggest IT related firm in the whole world. Since the government policies and regulation related to E-commerce market have changed. Government of India in its new FDI rules have specified that now e-commerce platform can sale more than 25% products from one vendor. This has created problems for the company and hence This Company has decided to use the tool called Supply Chain Management (Chanchani, 2011). Diversity: Companies need to make sure that they have a strategic human resource management plan so that they can manage the diversity at their workplace (Storbacka, 2011). With the use of strategic plan for diversity company can make sure that they have health employee relations. For example, Google which is another biggest firm in the IT industry is facing problems related to diversity. This is due to the reason that Google has employees from all around the world. Google need to make sure that they have managed their employee strength in a better way. Since diversity is strength of the company as very different types of talent comes to the company. They took the use of the management tool i.e. their mission and vision. This management tools helps in bringing all the employees irrespective of the diversity in their skills or culture into one unit. They all make efforts for achieving the common goal and objectives of the organisation. Theories and concepts of the contemporary management tool used There are various theories and concepts that have been given by various researchers in order to support emerging management practices (Pappas and Cannon, Optimum Outcomes LLC, 2011). Some of the major theories in this regard are as follows: Benchmarking theory: This is theory that is generally utilised by the firms in order to understand the gap they have in their processes and make changes accordingly (Johnson, 2015). It is understood as the quality management theory which aims to enhance the quality of the products and services. This theory suggests finding the gap by continuously measuring the products and services against the set standards inside the firm as well as with products of other competitors. It helps Coca-cola to enhance consumer satisfaction in terms of cost, product, quality etc. It motivates them for making improvement in the overall operations within the firm. It also helps in stimulating continuous performance that can give them competitive edge over other competitors. On the negative side it does not account for the fact that under which circumstances competitors like Pepsi co. have gained those standards. It gives arrogance and complacency in the firms like Coca-cola which stops them from developing further. Customer segmentation theory: This theory explains the need of making smaller segments in the whole market. This helps company in producing products as per the demand of the smaller segments. These segments are made according to some criteria then company develops products according. This helps them in achieving higher level of consumer satisfaction. It also helps to appeal to the consumers as per their demand which is necessary in the case of Fujifilms who are facing such a large competition. It helps Fujifilms to capture the market that competitors have not pursued. Fujifilms also need to be take care of the fact that this theory generally confuses company about the customers. In the use of this theory costing is not taken into consideration which can be dangerous for the company. Customer relationship management: It is a holistic process of retaining, acquiring and growing consumers. It involves all in-line and off-line relationship management. As mentioned above it is very helpful for the banking sector that is facing the challenges like technology, commoditisation, globalisation and deregulation. It helps in increasing consumer loyalty. It will assist Wells Fargo bank to manage its increasing database and speed of growth process. It also helps in centralisation of data that may generate at any branch of the bank that may help in making automations in many services like sending of emails. On the negative side implementation of CRM is difficult as switching from manual modes of operations to automatic modes in banking. Apart from this when CRM is implemented within an organisation then there is a chance of computers getting hacked. Mission and vision: This concept helps in communicating the objectives of the organisation as well as defining the purpose of the firm to stakeholders (David, 2011). It also helps in binding the whole organisation in one knot so that everyone works for achieving the common goals of the company. This concept when implemented helps in aligning the efforts of the stakeholder in one direction. Defining mission and vision in a more elaborated manner can help Google them in showing the paths to the stakeholders about the ways in which they have to do their work at the workplace. This will help in managing the diversity at the workplace. It also assists in making sure that company does not practice any wring means to achieve success. On the negative side setting mission and vision tends to overburden the stakeholders to follow some specific norms for achieving higher growth. Supply Chain Management: This theory advocates maintaining the flow of goods and services so that they can maintain the demand and supply chain. This involves movement, storage of work in process inventory as well as the final goods and products. This will help Amazon in managing the problem related to new regulations by Indian Government. A new investment in suppliers service will be done by the company in the coming years so as to reduce it by the use of SCM. Conclusion There are many problems or challenges occur in the daily operations of the firm. It is the role of the managers within a firm to make sure that these problems does not have negative impact on the operations of the firm. Due to various kinds of reasons these problems pose both negative and positive impact on the society. There are various tools that are used by the managers so as to manage the impact and causes of these problems. They also take use of the various theories and concepts related to contemporary business management which can help in tackling these issues. References Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.S., (2016)Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. pp. 16-20 Bookboon. (2011) How globalisation affects business. [Online]. Available at: https: https://bookboon.com/blog/2011/10/how-globalization-affects-business/. [Accessed on: 9th March 2018]. Chanchani, M. (2011) With clarity in FDI rules, Amazon will invest more: Amit Agarwal, Amazon India. [Online]. Available at: https: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/with-clarity-in-fdi-rules-amazon-will-invest-more-amit-agarwal-amazon-india/articleshow/52285116.cms. [Accessed on: 14th March 2018]. David, F.R., (2011)Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Pearson/Prentice Hall. pp. 130-164. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., (2014)Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. pp. 20-27 Heizer, J., (2016)Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. pp. 67-69 Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., (2014)Business process management. Routledge. pp. 1-7 Johnson, M.P., (2015) Sustainability management and small and medium?sized enterprises: Managers' awareness and implementation of innovative tools.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), pp.271-285. Maylor, H., Blackmon, K. and Huemann, M., (2016)Researching business and management. Palgrave. pp. 4-18 Pappas, G. and Cannon, J., Optimum Outcomes LLC, (2011)Business management tool. U.S. Patent 7,945,472. Stark, J., (2015) Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer, Cham. Storbacka, K., (2011) A solution business model: Capabilities and management practices for integrated solutions.Industrial Marketing Management,40(5), pp.699-711. Van Der Aalst, W.M., La Rosa, M. and Santoro, F.M., (2016) Business process management. pp. 2-6 Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., (2011)Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India. pp. 42-87 Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D., Hoffman, A.N. and Bamford, C.E., (2017)Strategic management and business policy. Pearson. pp. 10-23